Synthesis of novel graphene oxide/bentonite bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot esterification and transesterification reactions

Several heterogeneous catalysts have been utilized for biodiesel synthesis from low-grade oils containing free fatty acids (FFA) in a two-stage esterification and transesterification method in previous studies. In this study, NaOH-bentonite impregnated with graphene oxide (GO), as a novel bi-functio...

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Main Authors: Ali, B., Yusup, S., Quitain, A.T., Alnarabiji, M.S., Kamil, R.N.M., Kida, T.
Format: Article
Institution: Universiti Teknologi Petronas
Record Id / ISBN-0: utp-eprints.21415 /
Published: Elsevier Ltd 2018
Online Access: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049421803&doi=10.1016%2fj.enconman.2018.06.082&partnerID=40&md5=46b8e542a024359af82ad331d25e7a9d
http://eprints.utp.edu.my/21415/
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spelling utp-eprints.214152018-09-25T06:35:00Z Synthesis of novel graphene oxide/bentonite bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot esterification and transesterification reactions Ali, B. Yusup, S. Quitain, A.T. Alnarabiji, M.S. Kamil, R.N.M. Kida, T. Several heterogeneous catalysts have been utilized for biodiesel synthesis from low-grade oils containing free fatty acids (FFA) in a two-stage esterification and transesterification method in previous studies. In this study, NaOH-bentonite impregnated with graphene oxide (GO), as a novel bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst for simultaneous esterification and transesterification was developed and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), N2 adsorption measurement to obtain the surface area (BET) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD NH3 and CO2). The effect of reaction time (h), reaction temperature (°C), methanol-to-oil ratio and catalyst amount (wt) was studied. All experiments were performed at an optimized GO-to-NaOH-bentonite ratio of 1:20. Impressively, the GO-NaOH-bentonite catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performance and resulted in 89.5 wt conversion of free fatty acids and 98.5 wt overall biodiesel yield after 4.5 h reaction time with catalyst amount of 6 wt, reaction temperature of 62 °C and 6:1 methanol-to-oil ratio. Results showed that the presence of Na2O enhanced the low-strength basic sites of the catalyst at 150�200 °C, which played the key role in transesterification of rapeseed oil. It was also found that, the presence of GO on NaOH-bentonite, increased the overall acid strength of the composite catalyst by providing more Brønsted acidic sites. The acidic-basic nature of GO-NaOH-bentonite improved the accessibility of methanol to oil and FFA with the increased pore size of the composite catalyst. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd Elsevier Ltd 2018 Article NonPeerReviewed https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049421803&doi=10.1016%2fj.enconman.2018.06.082&partnerID=40&md5=46b8e542a024359af82ad331d25e7a9d Ali, B. and Yusup, S. and Quitain, A.T. and Alnarabiji, M.S. and Kamil, R.N.M. and Kida, T. (2018) Synthesis of novel graphene oxide/bentonite bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot esterification and transesterification reactions. Energy Conversion and Management, 171 . pp. 1801-1812. http://eprints.utp.edu.my/21415/
institution Universiti Teknologi Petronas
collection UTP Institutional Repository
description Several heterogeneous catalysts have been utilized for biodiesel synthesis from low-grade oils containing free fatty acids (FFA) in a two-stage esterification and transesterification method in previous studies. In this study, NaOH-bentonite impregnated with graphene oxide (GO), as a novel bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst for simultaneous esterification and transesterification was developed and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), N2 adsorption measurement to obtain the surface area (BET) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD NH3 and CO2). The effect of reaction time (h), reaction temperature (°C), methanol-to-oil ratio and catalyst amount (wt) was studied. All experiments were performed at an optimized GO-to-NaOH-bentonite ratio of 1:20. Impressively, the GO-NaOH-bentonite catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performance and resulted in 89.5 wt conversion of free fatty acids and 98.5 wt overall biodiesel yield after 4.5 h reaction time with catalyst amount of 6 wt, reaction temperature of 62 °C and 6:1 methanol-to-oil ratio. Results showed that the presence of Na2O enhanced the low-strength basic sites of the catalyst at 150�200 °C, which played the key role in transesterification of rapeseed oil. It was also found that, the presence of GO on NaOH-bentonite, increased the overall acid strength of the composite catalyst by providing more Brønsted acidic sites. The acidic-basic nature of GO-NaOH-bentonite improved the accessibility of methanol to oil and FFA with the increased pore size of the composite catalyst. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
format Article
author Ali, B.
Yusup, S.
Quitain, A.T.
Alnarabiji, M.S.
Kamil, R.N.M.
Kida, T.
spellingShingle Ali, B.
Yusup, S.
Quitain, A.T.
Alnarabiji, M.S.
Kamil, R.N.M.
Kida, T.
Synthesis of novel graphene oxide/bentonite bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot esterification and transesterification reactions
author_sort Ali, B.
title Synthesis of novel graphene oxide/bentonite bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot esterification and transesterification reactions
title_short Synthesis of novel graphene oxide/bentonite bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot esterification and transesterification reactions
title_full Synthesis of novel graphene oxide/bentonite bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot esterification and transesterification reactions
title_fullStr Synthesis of novel graphene oxide/bentonite bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot esterification and transesterification reactions
title_full_unstemmed Synthesis of novel graphene oxide/bentonite bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot esterification and transesterification reactions
title_sort synthesis of novel graphene oxide/bentonite bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot esterification and transesterification reactions
publisher Elsevier Ltd
publishDate 2018
url https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049421803&doi=10.1016%2fj.enconman.2018.06.082&partnerID=40&md5=46b8e542a024359af82ad331d25e7a9d
http://eprints.utp.edu.my/21415/
_version_ 1741196455827210240
score 11.62408

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