Permeabilization of Haematococcus pluvialis and solid-liquid extraction of astaxanthin by CO2-based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids

Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) microalgae are well known for their high content of astaxanthin, which is a super potent antioxidant with various remedial effects. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proposed as a promising solvent to permeabilize the robust microalgal cell wall for an effective ex...

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Main Authors: Khoo, K.S., Ooi, C.W., Chew, K.W., Foo, S.C., Lim, J.W., Tao, Y., Jiang, N., Ho, S.-H., Show, P.L.
Format: Article
Institution: Universiti Teknologi Petronas
Record Id / ISBN-0: utp-eprints.23951 /
Published: Elsevier B.V. 2021
Online Access: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85100489684&doi=10.1016%2fj.cej.2021.128510&partnerID=40&md5=2fe0c3d77935ef5599ab7b5cc8604268
http://eprints.utp.edu.my/23951/
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spelling utp-eprints.239512021-08-19T13:23:17Z Permeabilization of Haematococcus pluvialis and solid-liquid extraction of astaxanthin by CO2-based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids Khoo, K.S. Ooi, C.W. Chew, K.W. Foo, S.C. Lim, J.W. Tao, Y. Jiang, N. Ho, S.-H. Show, P.L. Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) microalgae are well known for their high content of astaxanthin, which is a super potent antioxidant with various remedial effects. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proposed as a promising solvent to permeabilize the robust microalgal cell wall for an effective extraction of bioactive compounds. Nonetheless, the removal of ILs from the extracted compounds requires the additional treatment steps that complicate the overall extraction process and the recycling of ILs. To address these shortcomings, we demonstrated a sustainable extraction system that utilizes CO2-based alkyl carbamate ILs to permeate H. pluvialis cells and extract astaxanthin. This class of ILs is readily distillable for an easy recovery of ILs from the extraction medium. Among the tested CO2-based alkyl carbamate ILs dimethylammonium dimethylcarbamate (DIMCARB), dipropylammonium dipropylcarbamate (DPCARB), dibutylammonium dibutylcarbamate (DBCARB) and diallyammonium diallycarbamate (DACARB), DIMCARB gave the best performance of astaxanthin extraction. The optimized extraction conditions 100% (w/w) of DIMCARB, 75 min and 45 °C resulted in the high yield of astaxanthin (27.99 mg/g). The capability of DIMCARB to permeabilize the amorphous trilayered structure of cell wall was verified by the presence of pores on the cell surface of H. pluvialis as shown in the microscope images. The performance and recyclability of DIMCARB extraction system were also evaluated by conducting three successive rounds of astaxanthin extraction with the recycled DIMCARB solutions. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of the extracted astaxanthin was well retained, showing that this type of distillable IL was suitable for the extraction of phytonutrients from algal source. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. Elsevier B.V. 2021 Article NonPeerReviewed https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85100489684&doi=10.1016%2fj.cej.2021.128510&partnerID=40&md5=2fe0c3d77935ef5599ab7b5cc8604268 Khoo, K.S. and Ooi, C.W. and Chew, K.W. and Foo, S.C. and Lim, J.W. and Tao, Y. and Jiang, N. and Ho, S.-H. and Show, P.L. (2021) Permeabilization of Haematococcus pluvialis and solid-liquid extraction of astaxanthin by CO2-based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids. Chemical Engineering Journal, 411 . http://eprints.utp.edu.my/23951/
institution Universiti Teknologi Petronas
collection UTP Institutional Repository
description Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) microalgae are well known for their high content of astaxanthin, which is a super potent antioxidant with various remedial effects. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proposed as a promising solvent to permeabilize the robust microalgal cell wall for an effective extraction of bioactive compounds. Nonetheless, the removal of ILs from the extracted compounds requires the additional treatment steps that complicate the overall extraction process and the recycling of ILs. To address these shortcomings, we demonstrated a sustainable extraction system that utilizes CO2-based alkyl carbamate ILs to permeate H. pluvialis cells and extract astaxanthin. This class of ILs is readily distillable for an easy recovery of ILs from the extraction medium. Among the tested CO2-based alkyl carbamate ILs dimethylammonium dimethylcarbamate (DIMCARB), dipropylammonium dipropylcarbamate (DPCARB), dibutylammonium dibutylcarbamate (DBCARB) and diallyammonium diallycarbamate (DACARB), DIMCARB gave the best performance of astaxanthin extraction. The optimized extraction conditions 100% (w/w) of DIMCARB, 75 min and 45 °C resulted in the high yield of astaxanthin (27.99 mg/g). The capability of DIMCARB to permeabilize the amorphous trilayered structure of cell wall was verified by the presence of pores on the cell surface of H. pluvialis as shown in the microscope images. The performance and recyclability of DIMCARB extraction system were also evaluated by conducting three successive rounds of astaxanthin extraction with the recycled DIMCARB solutions. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of the extracted astaxanthin was well retained, showing that this type of distillable IL was suitable for the extraction of phytonutrients from algal source. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.
format Article
author Khoo, K.S.
Ooi, C.W.
Chew, K.W.
Foo, S.C.
Lim, J.W.
Tao, Y.
Jiang, N.
Ho, S.-H.
Show, P.L.
spellingShingle Khoo, K.S.
Ooi, C.W.
Chew, K.W.
Foo, S.C.
Lim, J.W.
Tao, Y.
Jiang, N.
Ho, S.-H.
Show, P.L.
Permeabilization of Haematococcus pluvialis and solid-liquid extraction of astaxanthin by CO2-based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids
author_sort Khoo, K.S.
title Permeabilization of Haematococcus pluvialis and solid-liquid extraction of astaxanthin by CO2-based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids
title_short Permeabilization of Haematococcus pluvialis and solid-liquid extraction of astaxanthin by CO2-based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids
title_full Permeabilization of Haematococcus pluvialis and solid-liquid extraction of astaxanthin by CO2-based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids
title_fullStr Permeabilization of Haematococcus pluvialis and solid-liquid extraction of astaxanthin by CO2-based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids
title_full_unstemmed Permeabilization of Haematococcus pluvialis and solid-liquid extraction of astaxanthin by CO2-based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids
title_sort permeabilization of haematococcus pluvialis and solid-liquid extraction of astaxanthin by co2-based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids
publisher Elsevier B.V.
publishDate 2021
url https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85100489684&doi=10.1016%2fj.cej.2021.128510&partnerID=40&md5=2fe0c3d77935ef5599ab7b5cc8604268
http://eprints.utp.edu.my/23951/
_version_ 1741196759500062720
score 11.62408

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