Sulfonated SnO2nanocatalysts: Via a self-propagating combustion method for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
Biodiesel derived from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was produced via catalytic esterification using sulfonated tin oxide (HSO3-/SnO2) as the superacid solid catalyst. In this work, the SnO2 catalyst was synthesised by the self-propagating combustion (SPC) method, and activated using chlorosulfo...
| Main Authors: | Nabihah-Fauzi, N., Asikin-Mijan, N., Ibrahim, M.L., Hashim, H., Yusup, S., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H., Mastuli, M.S. |
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| Format: | Article |
| Institution: | Universiti Teknologi Petronas |
| Record Id / ISBN-0: | utp-eprints.30063 / |
| Published: |
Royal Society of Chemistry
2020
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| Online Access: |
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091635277&doi=10.1039%2fd0ra05110a&partnerID=40&md5=84c956bd9bde24f60422514b9bdd93b8 http://eprints.utp.edu.my/30063/ |
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| Summary: |
Biodiesel derived from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was produced via catalytic esterification using sulfonated tin oxide (HSO3-/SnO2) as the superacid solid catalyst. In this work, the SnO2 catalyst was synthesised by the self-propagating combustion (SPC) method, and activated using chlorosulfonic acid. The SPC method was able to produce nano-sized particles with homogenous size and shape that were anchored with many HSO3- ions, resulting in more exceptional acid properties that effectively esterified the PFAD feedstock into FAMEs (fatty acid methyl esters). Several studies based on metal oxide-based catalysts were also included for comparison. Under the optimised conditions of 9�:�1 (methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio), 4 wt (catalyst loading), 100 °C (reaction temperature) and 3 h (reaction time), the FFA conversion and FAME yield were 98.9 and 93.8, respectively. Besides, the sulfonated SnO2-spc catalyst can be reused in up to five consecutive cycles with an acceptable esterification performance and minimal sulfur leaching. It is worth mentioning that the SPC method is a greener and simpler technique to obtain the nanocatalysts. Overall, the production of FAME from low value, cheaper, abundant, and non-edible PFAD feedstock, assisted by a non-transition metal oxide of sulfonated SnO2 catalyst, could reduce the cost of biodiesel production. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry. |
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